Everything about Rum totally explained
» For other uses, see Rum (disambiguation).
Rum is a
distilled beverage made from
sugarcane by-products such as
molasses and sugarcane
juice by a process of
fermentation and
distillation. The distillate, a clear liquid, is then usually aged in
oak and other
barrels. The majority of rum production occurs in and around the
Caribbean and along the
Demerara River,
Guyana in
South America, though there are rum producers in places such as
Australia,
Fiji,
India,
Reunion Island,
Mauritius, and elsewhere around the world.
Rum is produced in a variety of styles.
Light rums are commonly used in
cocktails, while golden and dark rums are appropriate for use in cooking as well as cocktails. Premium brands of rum are also available that are made to be consumed or .
Rum plays a part in the culture of most islands of the
West Indies, and has famous associations with the British
Royal Navy and
piracy. Rum has also served as a popular medium of exchange that helped to promote
slavery along with providing economic instigation for Australia's
Rum Rebellion and the
American Revolution.
(External Link
).
Etymology
The origin of the word
rum is unclear. A common claim is that the name was derived from
rumbullion meaning "a great tumult or uproar".
Another claim is that the name is from the large drinking glasses used by Dutch seamen known as
rummers, from the
Dutch word
roemer, a drinking glass.
Other options include contractions of the words
saccharum,
Latin for sugar, or
arôme,
French for aroma.
Regardless of the original source, the name was already in common use by May
1657 when the
General Court of Massachusetts made illegal the sale of strong liquor "whether knowne by the name of rumme, strong
water, wine, brandy, etc., etc."
A version of rum from
Newfoundland is referred to by the name
Screech, while some low-grade
West Indies rums are called
tafia.
History
Origins
The precursors to rum date back to antiquity. Development of fermented drinks produced from sugarcane juice is believed to have first occurred either in ancient India or China,
Marco Polo also recorded a
14th-century account of a "very good wine of sugar" that was offered to him in what is modern-day
Iran.
Later, distillation of these alcoholic by-products concentrated the alcohol and removed impurities, producing the first true rums. Tradition suggests that rum first originated on the island of
Barbados.
Regardless of its initial source, early Caribbean rums were not known for high quality.
A
1651 document from Barbados stated, "The chief fuddling they make in the island is Rumbullion, alias Kill-Divil, and this is made of sugar canes distilled, a hot, hellish, and terrible liquor". The manufacture of rum became early Colonial New England's largest and most prosperous industry. Although New England became a distilling center (due to the superior technical, metalworking and cooperage (barrel making) skills and abundant lumber), the rum produced there was lighter, more like whiskey, and lacked the character and aroma of the West Indies product. Though cheaper, anyone who could afford it much preferred the Caribbean product.
Rhode Island rum even joined
gold as an accepted currency in Europe for a period of time.
Estimates of rum consumption in the American colonies before the
American Revolutionary War had every man, woman, or child drinking an average of 3
Imperial gallons (13.5
liters) of rum each year.
To support this demand for the molasses to produce rum, along with the
increasing demand for sugar in Europe during the
17th and
18th centuries, a labor source to work the sugar plantations in the Caribbean was needed.
A
triangular trade was established between
Africa, the Caribbean, and the colonies to help support this need.
The exchange of slaves, molasses, and rum was quite profitable, and the disruption to the trade caused by the
Sugar Act in
1764 may have even helped cause the
American Revolution.
Eventually the restrictions on rum from the British islands of the Caribbean combined with the development of American
whiskey led to a decline in the drink's popularity.
Naval rum
Rum's association with piracy began with
English privateers trading on the valuable commodity. As some of the privateers became pirates and buccaneers, their fondness for rum remained, the association between the two only being strengthened by literary works such as
Robert Louis Stevenson's
Treasure Island.
The association of rum with the
British Royal Navy began in
1655 when the British fleet captured the island of
Jamaica. With the availability of domestically produced rum, the British changed the daily ration of liquor given to seamen from French
brandy to rum.
While the ration was originally given neat, or mixed with lime juice, the practice of watering down the rum began around
1740. To help minimize the effect of the alcohol on his sailors, Admiral
Edward Vernon directed that the rum ration be watered down before being issued, a mixture which became known as
grog. While it's widely believed that the term grog was coined at this time in honor of the
grogram cloak Admiral Vernon wore in rough weather, the term has been demonstrated to predate his famous orders with probable origins in the West Indies, perhaps of African etymology (see
Grog). The Royal Navy continued to give its sailors a daily rum ration, known as a "tot," until the practice was abolished after
July 31,
1970.
A story involving naval rum is that following his victory at the
Battle of Trafalgar,
Horatio Nelson's body was preserved in a cask of rum to allow transport back to
England. Upon arrival, however, the cask was opened and found to be empty of rum. The pickled body was removed and, upon inspection, it was discovered that the sailors had drilled a hole in the bottom of the cask and drunk all the rum, in the process drinking Nelson's blood. Thus, this tale serves as a basis for the term
Nelson's Blood being used to describe rum. It also serves as the basis for the term "Tapping the Admiral" being used to describe drinking the daily rum ration. The details of the story are disputed, as many historians claim the cask contained
French Brandy whilst others claim instead the term originated from a
toast to Admiral Nelson. It should be noted that variations of the story, involving different noteable corpses, have been in circulation for many years.
Colonial Australia
» See Also: Rum Rebellion
Rum became an important trade good in the early period of the colony of
New South Wales. The value of rum was based upon the lack of coinage among the population of the colony, and due to the drink's ability to allow its consumer to temporarily forget about the lack of creature comforts available in the new colony. The value of rum was such that convict settlers could be induced to work the lands owned by officers of the New South Wales Corps. Due to rum's popularity among the settlers, the colony gained a reputation for drunkenness even though their alcohol consumption was less than levels commonly consumed in England at the time.
When
William Bligh became governor of the colony in
1806, he attempted to
remedy the perceived problem with drunkenness by outlawing the use of rum as a medium of exchange. In response to this action, and several others, the New South Wales Corps marched, with fixed bayonets, to Government House and placed Bligh under arrest. The mutineers continued to control the colony until the arrival of Governor
Lachlan Macquarie in
1810.
Caribbean light rum
Until the second half of the
19th century all rums were heavy or dark rums that were considered appropriate for the working poor, unlike the refined double-distilled spirits of Europe. In order to expand the market for rum, the Spanish Royal Development Board offered a prize to anyone who could improve the rum making process. This resulted in many refinements in the process which greatly improved the quality of rum.
One of the most important figures in this development process was Don
Facundo Bacardí Massó, who moved from
Spain to
Santiago de Cuba in
1843. Don Facundo's experiments with distillation techniques, charcoal filtering, cultivating of specialized yeast strains, and aging with American oak casks helped to produce a smoother and mellower drink typical of modern light rums. It was with this new rum that Don Facundo founded
Bacardí y Compañía in
1862.
Categorization
Dividing rum into meaningful groupings is complicated by the fact that there's no single standard for what constitutes rum. Instead rum is defined by the varying rules and laws of the nations that produce the spirit. The differences in definitions include issues such as spirit
proof, minimum aging, and even naming standards.
Examples of the differences in proof is
Colombia, requiring their rum possess a minimum alcohol content of 50
ABV, while
Chile and
Venezuela require only a minimum of 40 ABV.
Mexico requires rum be aged a minimum of 8 months; the
Dominican Republic,
Panama and Venezuela require two years. Naming standards also vary,
Argentina defining rums as
white,
gold,
light, and
extra light.
Barbados uses the terms
white,
overproof, and
matured, while the
United States defines
rum,
rum liqueur, and
flavored rum. In Australia Rum is divided into Dark Rum (Under Proof known as UP, Over Proof known as OP, and triple distilled) and White Rum.
Despite these differences in standards and nomenclature, the following divisions are provided to help show the wide variety of rums that are produced.
Regional Variations
Within the Caribbean, each island or production area has a unique style. For the most part, these styles can be grouped by the language that's traditionally spoken. Due to the overwhelming influence of Puerto Rican rum, most rum consumed in the
United States is produced in the
Spanish-speaking style.
English-speaking islands and countries are known for darker rums with a fuller taste that retains a greater amount of the underlying molasses flavor. Rums from Barbados, Bermuda, Belize, the Demerara region of Guyana, and Jamaica are typical of this style.
French-speaking islands are best known for their agricultural rums (rhum agricole). These rums, being produced exclusively from sugar cane juice, retain a greater amount of the original flavor of the sugar cane and are generally more expensive than molasses-based rums. Rums from Haïti, Guadeloupe, Marie-Galante and Martinique are typical of this style.
Cachaça is a spirit similar to rum that's produced in Brazil. Seco, from Panama, is also a spirit similar to rum, but also similar to vodka, since it's triple distilled.
The Indonesian spirit Batavia Arrack, or Arrak, is a spirit similar to rum that includes rice in its production. Mexico produces a number of brands of light and dark rum, as well as other less expensive flavored and unflavored sugar cane based liquors, such as aguardiente de caña and charanda. In some cases cane liquor is flavored with mezcal to produce a pseudo-tequila-like drink.
A spirit known as Aguardiente, distilled from molasses infused with anise, with additional sugarcane juice added after distillation, is produced in Central America and northern South America.
In West Africa, and particularly in Liberia, cane juice (also known as Liberian rum or simply CJ within Liberia itself, is a cheap, strong spirit distilled from sugar cane, which can be as strong as 86 proof.
Within Europe, a similar spirit made from sugar beet is known as tuzemák (from tuzemský rum, domestic rum) in the Czech Republic and Kobba Libre on the Åland Islands.
In Germany, a cheap substitute of dark rum is called Rum-Verschnitt (literally: cut rum). This distilled beverage is made of genuine dark rum (often from Jamaica), rectified spirit, and water. Very often, caramel coloring is used, too. The relative amount of genuine rum it contains can be quite low since the legal minimum is at only 5 percent, but the taste of Rumverschnitt is still very similar to genuine dark rum. In Austria, a similar rum called Inländerrum or domestic rum is available.
Grades
The grades and variations used to describe rum depend on the location that a rum was produced. Despite these variations the following terms are frequently used to describe various types of rum:
Light Rums, also referred to as light, silver, and white rums. In general, light rum has very little flavor aside from a general sweetness, and serves accordingly as a base for cocktails. Light rums are sometimes filtered after aging to remove any color.
Gold Rums, also called amber rums, are medium-bodied rums which are generally aged. These gain their dark color from aging in wooden barrels (usually the charred white oak barrels that are the byproduct of Bourbon Whiskey).
Spiced Rum: These rums obtain their flavor through addition of spices and, sometimes, caramel. Most are darker in color, and based on gold rums. Some are significantly darker, while many cheaper brands are made from inexpensive white rums and darkened with artificial caramel color.
Dark Rum, also known as black rum, classes as a grade darker than gold rum. It is generally aged longer, in heavily charred barrels. Dark rum has a much stronger flavor than either light or gold rum, and hints of spices can be detected, along with a strong molasses or caramel overtone. It is used to provide substance in rum drinks, as well as color. In addition to uses in mixed drinks, dark rum is the type of rum most commonly used in cooking.
Flavored Rum: Some manufacturers have begun to sell rums which they've infused with flavors of fruits such as mango, orange, citrus, coconut, and lime which is a lime rum found in Sweden. These serve to flavor similarly themed tropical drinks which generally comprise less than 40% alcohol, and are also often drunk neat or on the rocks.
Overproof Rum is rum which is much higher than the standard 40% alcohol. Most of these rums bear greater than 75%, in fact, and preparations of 151 to 160 proof occur commonly.
Premium Rum: As with other sipping spirits, such as Cognac and Scotch, a market exists for premium and super-premium rums. These are generally boutique brands which sell very aged and carefully produced rums. They have more character and flavor than their "mixing" counterparts, and are generally consumed without the addition of other ingredients.
Production methodology
Unlike some other spirits, such as Cognac and Scotch, rum has no defined production methods.
Instead, rum production is based on traditional styles that vary between locations and distillers.
Fermentation
Most rum produced is made from molasses. Within the Caribbean, much of this molasses is from Brazil.
Dunder, the yeast-rich foam from previous fermentations, is the traditional yeast source in Jamaica.
"The yeast employed will determine the final taste and aroma profile,"
says Jamaican master blender Joy Spence.
and the Mojito.
Cold-weather drinks made with rum include the Rum toddy and Hot Buttered Rum.
In addition to these well-known cocktails, a number of local specialties utilize rum. Examples of these local drinks include Bermuda's Dark and Stormy (Gosling's Black Seal rum with ginger beer), and the Painkiller from the British Virgin Islands.
Rum may also be used as a base in the manufacture of liqueurs. Spiced Rum is made by infusing rum with a combination of spices. Another combination is jagertee, a mixture of rum and black tea.
Rum may also be used in a number of cooked dishes. It may be used as a flavoring agent in items such as rum balls or rum cakes. Rum is commonly used to macerate fruit used in fruitcakes and is also used in marinades for some Caribbean dishes. Rum is also used in the preparation of Bananas Foster and some hard sauces.
Ti Punch is short for "petit punch", little punch. This is a very traditional drink in the French-speaking region of the Caribbean.
Further Information
Get more info on 'Rum'.
|
External Link Exchanges
Do you know how hard it is to get a link from a large encyclopaedia? Well we're different and will prove it. To get a link from us just add the following HTML to your site on a relevant page:
<a href="http://rum.totallyexplained.com">Rum Totally Explained</a>
Then simply click through this link from your web page. Our crawlers will verify your link, extract the title of your web page and instantly add a link back to it. If you like you can remove the words Totally Explained and embed the link in article text.
As long as your link remains in place, we'll keep our link to you right here. Please play fair - our crawlers are watching. Your site must be closely related to this one's topic. Any kind of spamming, dubious practises or removing the link will result in your link from us being dropped and, potentially, your whole site being banned. |
